|
|
Ce second regard,
plus attentif a confirmé mes soupçons quel' Inde est une révolution
qui n'a pas eu lieu au moment où elle aurait dû, après la Seconde
Guerre Mondiale. Les nobles idéaux de réforme sociale significative,
encouragés par Gandhi, Nehru et Ambedkar (qui a écrit la
constitution), et adoptés par le Parti du Congrès Indien, ont été
systématiquement sapés par les politiciens poursuivant les intérêts
égoïstes de leur caste, tout en débitant des paroles sans conviction
sur la démocratie. |
Indian Masters On Meditation include
masters like Osho, Swami Sivananda, Krishnamurti, gautama the Buddha,
among other sources. They are each well-known masters in the field of
meditation and Self Realization. They all have a thing or two to say and
suggest when it comes to meditation. I will state some interesting
quotations and videos from these Indian Masters in which they enlighten us
with their knowledge and wisdom in regard to Meditation and Life
|
INDIA
ocupa una vasta extensión de Eurásia, una península de forma
triangular de tal magnitud que a menudo se le aplica el término
subcontinente para referirse a ella. Y es que su amplia superficie
(3.287.590 km2) y toda la diversidad geológica, climática y paisajes
que conlleva justifican ampliamente este calificativo. |
|
Dans l'Inde du Sud et au Sri Lanka — où
l'influence bouddhique s'est maintenue — les alphabets employés sont
plus proches du pali que du nâgarî. Néanmoins, le
système des voyelles est assez similaire à celui du devanagari. Il
faut aussi préciser que pour de nombreuses lettres, que l'alphabet
vienne du devanagari du pali, il existe des analogies de forme, des
similitudes de mouvement de la main entre ces écritures, ce qui
facilite leur mémorisation. Les écritures de type indien ont inspiré
de nombreuses autres langues, dont le tibétain, le thaï, le khmer,
etc. |
Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)
People For Animals (PFA)
Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA)
Worldwide Society for Protection of Animals (WSPA)
Worldwide
Veterinary Society (WVS)
Animal People
Wildlife Protection Society of India (WSPI)
Blue
Cross of India
Blue
Cross of Hyderabad
|
L'hindi et l'anglais
Au somment de la hiérarchie, figurent
l’hindi et l’anglais, les deux langues officielles de l'Union indienne
(fédération). Ces langues sont restées pour l’ensemble de la
population indienne des langues étrangères, surtout l'anglais.
Contrairement à l’hindi perçu comme la langue de la caste dirigeante
hindoue, l’anglais a l’avantage d’être considéré comme une langue
«neutre» permettant de communiquer avec un plus grande nombre de
personnes. C’est aussi la langue de la technologie, de la modernité et
du développement économique. N'oublions pas que l'hindi officiel
demeure encore obscur aux classes populaires indiennes et a tendance à
devenir un symbole de l'oppression et du pouvoir de l'État , alors que
l'anglais reste la langue qui fournit les meilleurs emplois. N'étant
lié à aucune communauté régionale ou religieuse, l'anglais incarne aux
yeux de nombreux Indiens «la langue où l'idée de la nation indienne
peut le mieux s'exprimer», bien qu'elle reste une langue étrangère
inaccessible au plus grand nombre |
Here is a list of some Wild Animals
in India
|
Le Belur Math est le siège de l'Ordre
Ramakrishna. Il fut construit en 1938 à la mémoire de Sri Ramakrishna
qui prêcha l'unité des religions au 19ème siècle. Le développement du
Math fut surtout l'oeuvre de Swami Vivekananda. Les cendres des deux
hommes ont été placées à cet endroit. Le bâtiment est le mélange d'une
mosquée, d'un temple et d'une église |
Religious
festivals are widely observed and hold great importance for Indians. In
keeping with India's secular governance, no religious festival has been
accorded the status of a
national holiday.
Diwali,
Ganesh Chaturthi,
Holi,
Durga puja,
Ugadi,
Dussehra,
and
Sankranthi/Pongal
are the most popular
Hindu festivals
in India. Among Muslims, the
Islamic Eid festivals
of
Eid-ul-Fitr
and
Eid-ul-Adha
are the most celebrated. Some notable Sikh holidays are birthdays of
Gurus,Vaisakhi,Bandi Chorr Divas (also known as Diwali) and Hola Maholla.
Christmas,
Buddha Jayanti
are key holidays among the remaining religious groups. A number of
festivals are common to most parts of India, and many
states
and
regions
have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic
demographics. For example, fairs and festivities associated with specific
temples or
Dargahs
associated with
Sufi masters
are common.
Muharram is a
unique festival in the sense that it is not celebrated; it is a mournful
commemoration of the death of
Muhammad's
grandson
Imam Husain
in 680 CE. A taziya, which is a bamboo replica of Husain's tomb, is
paraded through the city. Muharram is observed with great passion in
Lucknow,
the centre of Indian
Shia
|
L'Inde ne rate
pas son accueil. Dès les premiers pas dans la capitale, on se prend
une bonne piqûre d'introduction. Tous les clichés de l'Inde sont au
rendez-vous. La rue est encombrée de piétons, vélos, rickshaws,
charettes et taxis, se poussant agressivement dans cette lutte pour
l'espace vital. Des vaches observent sceptiques en broutant des sacs
plastiques. L'encens brûle devant chaque étalage de saris colorés, de
fruits ou de bibelots en plastique.
Le choc est violent et
c'est un plaisir. Tout est intense et mélangé : les soies fushias, les
taxis jaunes, les klaxons ; les éclats de voix, le gazole et l'encens.
Un rêve pour les amoureux des grandes villes moches, polluées et
fatigantes |
Le Taj Mahal est la preuve de l'amour immense qu'éprouvait l'empereur
Shah jahan à l'égard de son épouse
Mumtaz Mahal dont la beauté est
restée légendaire. A la mort de celle ci ,fou de chagrin ,il fit
construire
ce monument grandiose .Des milliers d'ouvriers y travaillèrent pendant
22 ans .Le marbre qui le compose est incrusté de pierres précieuses
(lapis-lazuli, jade..) représentant des fleurs telles que tulipes,
lotus, jasmin..
Le fils de Shah jahan ,Aurangzeb,
décida d'enfermer son père dans le fort rouge en 1658.Pendant les 8
dernières années de sa vie ,ce dernier contempla de la fenêtre de sa
prison le Taj Mahal ou reposait sa bien aimée, Mumtaz
Mahal |
|
Taj-Mahal
Personne n'a pu échapper à un moment de sa vie à
l'image clichée du Taj Mahal dans quelque resto indien ou brochure de
voyage. On se prépare à être forcément un peu déçu devant la réalité.
Pourtant la magie opère.
En détaillant cette silhouette vue 100 fois on se
demande ce qui lui donne ce magnétisme.
La taille peut-être déjà, pour ce qui n'est à la
base qu'un tombeau. La surface polie de marbre blanc qui donne l'effet
d'un grand monolithe lisse et magique. La finesse des tourelles qui
rajoutent au fantasme de conte de fée.
Le plaisir pour les yeux continue : sur toute la
surface, le marbre est brodé de fines frises d'arabesques,
calligraphies et motifs floraux en incrustations de pierres
semi-précieuses.
Un bien beau cadeau d'amour et d'adieu pour ce
sultan Mongol désespéré à la mort de son épouse.
La mentalité indienne a vite transformé ce lieu
solennel en joyeux parc de promenade familiale où l'on piétine les
pelouses et où l'on peut faire poser des touristes blancs sur les
photos souvenirs. |
LINKS
|
www.tourindia.
com |
Large Asiatic
carnivorous feline quadruped, Panthera Tigris, maneless, of
tawny yellow colour with blackish transverse stripes and white belly,
proverbial for its power and its magnificence.
There are very few tigers left in the world today. A decade ago the
tiger population in India had dwindled to a few hundreds. The
Government of India, under its Project Tiger programme, started a
massive effort to preserve the tiger population. Today, thanks to
Project Tiger, India's population of tigers has considerably increased |
|
The Lotus or water lily
is an aquatic plant of Nymphaea with broad floating leaves and bright
fragrant flowers that grow only in shallow waters. The leaves and
flowers float and have long stems that contain air spaces. The big
attractive flowers have many petals overlapping in a symmetrical
pattern. The root functions are carried out by rhizomes that fan out
horizontally through the mud below the water. Lotuses, prized for
their serene beauty, are delightful to behold as their blossoms open
on the surface of a pond. In India the sacred lotus is legendary and
much folklore and religious mythology is woven around it |
|
www.tourindia.
com |
|
Indian fig tree,
Ficus bengalensis, whose branches root themselves
like new trees over a large area. The roots then give rise to more
trunks and branches. Because of this characteristic and its longevity,
this tree is considered immortal and is an integral part of the myths
and legends of India. Even today, the banyan tree is the focal point
of village life and the village council meets under the shade of this
tree |
Male bird of species P.
cristatus, is a native of India, with striking plumage and
upper tail converts marked with iridescent ocelli, able to expand its
tail erect like fan as ostentatious display. Peacocks are related to
pheasants.
Found wild in India (and also domesticated in villages) they live in
jungle lands near water. They were once bred for food but now hunting
of peacocks is banned in India. The peahen has no plumage. These birds
do not sound as beautiful as they look - they have a harsh call |
|
A fleshy fruit, eaten
ripe or used green for pickles etc., of the tree Mangifera indica,
the mango is one of the most important and widely cultivated
fruits of the tropical world. Its juicy fruit is a rich source of
Vitamins A, C and D. In India there are over100 varieties of mangoes,
in different sizes, shapes and colours. Mangoes, have been cultivated
in India from time immemorial. The poet Kalidasa sang its praises.
Alexander savoured its taste, as did the Chinese pilgrim Hieun Tsang.
Akbar planted 100,000 mango trees in Darbhanga, known as Lakhi Bagh |
|
www.tourindia.
com |
|
Hockey is the National Game of India. Unmatched excellence and
incomparable virtuosity brought India a string of Olympic gold medals.
The brilliant Indians brought a touch of black magic to their play and
the ball juggling feats of the Indians were a sheer delight.
The Golden Era of hockey in India was the period from 1928 - 1956 when
India won 6 consecutive gold medals in the Olympics. During the Golden
Era, India played 24 Olympic matches, won all 24, scored 178 goals (at
an average of 7.43 goals per match) and conceded only 7 goals. The two
other gold medals for India came in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the
1980 Moscow Olympics |
The National Emblem of
India is a replica of the Lion of Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar
Pradesh. The Lion Capital was erected in the third century BC by
Emperor Ashoka to mark the spot where Buddha first proclaimed his
gospel of peace and emancipation to the four quarters of the universe.
The National emblem is thus symbolic of contemporary India's
reaffirmation of its ancient commitment to world peace and goodwill.
The four lions (one hidden from view) - symbolizing power, courage and
confidence - rest on a circular abacus. The abacus is girded by four
smaller animals - guardians of the four directions: the lion of the
north, the elephant of the east, the horse of the south and the bull
of the west. The abacus rests on a lotus in full bloom, exemplifying
the fountainhead of life and creative inspiration. The motto 'Satyameva
Jayate' inscribed below the emblem in Devanagari script means 'truth
alone triumphs' |
www.tourismin
india |
Chennai, the largest city in southern India located on the Coromandel
Coast of the Bay of Bengal, developed after 1639 when the
British East India Company
established a fort and trading
post at the small fishing village of Chennai
Over the past three and a half centuries, the small fishing village
has grown into a bustling metropolis which is especially known for its
spaciousness which is lacking in other Indian cities, This
characteristic is exemplified by the long esplanade called the Marina
and which is lined by impressive buildings which remind the casual
visitor of the long and inseparable association the city has had with
the British
Even elsewhere
in the city, one cannot fail to notice the dominant British influences
in the form of old cathedrals, buildings in the Indo-Saracenic style
of architecture, wide tree lined avenues |
|
Mumbai a
cluster of seven islands, derives its name from Mumbadevi, the patron
goddess of the Koli fisher folk, its oldest inhabitants
Mumbai
pulsates with activity. It is a city that is disciplined by no time
frame-neither by day nor night. Mumbai is also the country's financial
powerhouse, the nation's industrial heartland, and its economic nerve
centre. Dazzling shopping arcades, exciting sport activity, night
clubs and discotheques, theatre and music, gourmet restaurants and
interesting sightseeing - Mumbai offers the visitor a heady mix of all
this and more |
|
www.tourindia.
com |
Arts, Culture and Tourism
JS
|
|
Septième pays du
monde par sa superficie (3,29 millions de km2) et deuxième par sa
population (plus de 1 milliard d'habitants), l'Inde est divisée en 28
états et 7 territoires de l'union.
Les sept territoires de l'Union sont les
îles Andaman-et-Nicobar,
Chandigarh,
Dadra-et-Nagar-Haveli,
Daman-et-Diu,
Delhi (district fédéral) les îles
Lakshadweep (ou
Laccadive) et
Pondichéry. Les 28 états
l'Andhra Pradesh,
l'Arunachal Pradesh,
l'Assam,
le Bengale occidental
le Bihar
le Chhatisgarh,
Goa, |
le Gujarat,
l'Haryana,
l'Himachal Pradesh,
le Jammu-et-Cachemire,
le Jharakhand,
le Karnataka,
le Kerala, |
le Madhya Pradesh,
le Maharashtra,
le Manipur,
le Meghalaya,
le Mizoram,
le Nagaland,
l'Orissa, |
le Panjab,
le Rajasthan,
le Sikkim,
le Tamil Nadu,
le Tripura,
l'Uttaranchal,
l'Uttar Pradesh |
|
|
Superficie : |
3.287.590
km² |
|
Population
: |
1 milliard
d'habitants |
|
Taux
de croissance annuel de la population : |
1,7
% |
|
Capitale : |
New Delhi |
|
Langue
officielle : |
Hindi |
|
Religions
dominantes : |
Hindouisme 80%
Islam 15% |
|
Monnaie
: |
Roupie |
|
PNB
par habitant : |
400 $ |
|
Inflation
: |
14
% |
|
Heure légale : |
GMT
+ 7 |
source:
http://en.wikipedia.org
| Le
Taj Mahal (en hindi ताज महल), situé à Âgrâ, au bord de la
rivière Yamunâ dans l'Inde du nord, est un mausolée construit par
l'empereur monghol Shâh Jahân en mémoire de son épouse Arjumand Bânu
Begam plus connue sous le nom de de Mumtaz Mahal, qui en persan
signifie « la lumière du palais ». |
Le climat
Le climat de l'Inde est principalement régi par la
mousson. On distingue trois grandes périodes : une saison chaude, une
saison humide et une saison fraîche.
La saison chaude s'étend de la mi-mars à la mi-mai. Elle peut être
particulièrement insupportable, les températures avoisinant les 40°C.
|
|
www.tourindia.com |
|
The Taj Mahal stands
serene and awesome, on a raised marble platform, by the banks of
the Yamuna, testifying to the timelessness of art and love.
Its pure white
marble shimmers silver in the soft moonlight, exudes a shell -
pink glow at dawn, and at the close of the day, takes on the tawny,
fiery hue of the majestic sun. |
|
www.tourisminindia.com |
|
CALCUTA .
More than 300 years ago, Job Charnock, an English tradesman set up
a trading post on the banks of the Ganga along the three-village
nucleus. Gradually Europeans started setting up business and trade
establishments, the moneyed class taking interest in banking and
usury. The East India Company steadily encroached into matters of
state. |
|
La saison humide commence avec l'arrivée de la
mousson. C'est un régime de vents, il y a deux périodes : la mousson du
sud-ouest de juin à octobre qui monte du sud au nord et le retrait de la
mousson d'octobre à février qui descend du nord vers le sud.
La mousson du sud-ouest apporte les trois-quarts des précipitations du
pays. On distingue deux branches : la première vient de l'est et se
déverse sur l'Inde de l'ouest et sur les versants des Ghats orientaux; la
seconde vient du sud, du Golfe du Bengale, se déverse d'abord sur le
Bangladesh et l'est de l'Inde avant d'être déviée par la chaîne
himalayenne vers l'ouest jusqu'au Penjab.
Le retrait de la mousson voit l'inversion des mouvements de masses d'air.
L'air continental sec repart vers l'océan. Les précipitations sont donc
faibles et discontinues sauf sur la côte sud-est de la péninsule. L'air
s'est chargé d'humidité en passant sur la Baie du Bengale et les pluies
s'abattent sur le Tamil Nadu.
La saison fraîche débute en novembre et se termine
en mars. C'est la saison la plus agréable à vivre sauf dans les grandes
plaines du Nord où les conditions climatiques peuvent très rigoureuses.
|
|
Calcutta
Etymologie du mot : Calcutta provient de
KALI Kata,
signifiant "Pied de la déesse Kali". D'après la légende, la déesse
Kali aurait fait le tour du monde, et son pied serait atterri à
l'emplacement de la ville.
Kolkata est enfin une importante
ville culturelle, traditionnellement les bengalis jouant
complaisamment le rôle des intellectuels de l'Inde. |
La population
L'Inde a toujours été un des pays du monde les plus
peuplé, même dans l'antiquité. La démographie y a été galopante au XXe
siècle suite à la modernisation du pays, à l'amélioration des conditions
sanitaires et sociales et aux campagnes de vaccination.
En 2003 l'estimation du nombre d'habitants était de
1 049 700 118 (dont 32,2% d'enfants de moins de 14 ans)
Le taux de fécondité est encore assez élevé (2,9 enfants par femme).
L'espérance de vie est de 63 ans pour un homme et 64 ans pour une femme.
La population est très rurale (plus de 70%) mais se
répartit très inégalement. Il y a en Inde des régions quasi désertiques
(Rajasthan) alors que d'autres sont surpeuplées (vallées et deltas des
grands fleuves).
L'Inde est l'un des rares pays du monde à compter
plus d'hommes que de femmes. Cette anomalie tient au fait que de
nombreuses femmes avortent lorsqu'elles sont enceintes d'une fille. Cette
élimination des filles s'explique par le fait que le système de la dot
pèse encore lourdement sur les familles indiennes. Une fille, lorsqu'elle
se marie, doit verser à sa belle-famille une dot plus ou moins importante
suivant la caste de son mari. L'éducation d'une fille peut donc coûter
très cher à une famille.
|
Varanasi
Varanasi (anciennement Bénarès) est
l'une des sept villes saintes de l'hindouisme. Se baigner dans le
Gange à Varanasi est censé purifier de tous les péchés et se faire
incinérer sur les ghats permet de se libérer du cycle des
réincarnations.
Son nom actuel vient de deux rivières, la Varuna et l'Assi. Par le
passé la ville s'est appelée Kashi et Bénarès. Son nom est
mentionné dans des textes sacrés hindous et bouddhistes et elle se
trouvait sur le trajet des voyageurs venus d'Asie Centrale et de
Chine. Elle serait l'une des plus vieilles villes du monde. Elle
dégage une atmosphère tout à fait particulière tellement la vie et
la mort se côtoient à chaque coin de rues.
|
|
Les alphabets
Les langues
indo-iraniennes et dravidiennes s'écrivent avec une douzaine d'alphabets
différents dont l'alphabet devanagari (signifiant «dieu de la ville»:
l'écriture du sanskrit), l'alphabet bengali, l'alphabet arabo-persan,
l'alphabet gurmukhi, l'alphabet gujrati, l'alphabet oriya, l'alphabet
télougou, l'alphabet kannada, l'alphabet malayalam, l'alphabet tamoul,
l'alphabet latin et l'alphabet tibétain.
Alphabet devanagari
|
 |
Alphabet bengali
|
 |
Alphabet gurmukhi
|
 |
Alphabet gudjarati
|
 |
Alphabet oriya
|
 |
Alphabet télougou
|
 |
Alphabet kannada
|
 |
Alphabet tamoul
|
 |
Alphabet tibétain
|
|
|
Hindi |
180 millions |
Bengali |
70,5 millions |
|
Télougou |
69,6 millions |
Marathi |
68 millions |
|
Tamoul |
61,5 millions |
Ourdou |
48 millions |
|
Gujarati |
45,4 millions |
Kannada |
35,3 millions |
|
Malayalam |
35,3 millions |
Oriya |
31,6 millions |
|
Pendjabi |
27 millions |
Assamais |
15,3 millions |
|
Népali |
6,5 millions |
Konkani |
6 millions |
|
Cachemiri |
3,3 Millions |
Sindhi |
2,8 millions |
|
Manipuri |
1,2 million |
Sanskrit |
env. 3000 individus |
-
Les autres langues sont
l’assamais, le bengali, le bhojpouri, le bhoutia, le garo, le goudjarati,
l’haryanvi, l’hindi, le kannada, le kashmiri, le khasi, le konkani, le
kuki, le lushai, le malayalam, le manipouri, le marathi, le marwadi, le
miau, le mizo, le naga, le nepali, l’oriya, l’ourdou, le pahadi, le
pendjabi, le rajasthani, le sindhi, le tamoul, le télougou et le
tripouri. À ces langues il faut ajouter, bien sûr, l’anglais mais aussi
le français dans le territoire de Pondichéry où le
français n'est pas une langue
constitutionnelle, mais il a conservé son statut de langue co-officielle
avec le tamoul. Quelques-unes des langues co-officielles sont employées
dans les parlements locaux, les autres sont reconnues dans les services
administratifs locaux et elles
Quelques chiffres:
Les indiens se répartissent de la façon
suivante : 72% d'indo-européens, 25% de dravidiens et 3% de mongoloïdes ou
autres.
Il y a 81% d'hindous, 12% de musulmans, 2,3% de chrétiens, 1,9% de sikhs,
0,7% de bouddhistes, 0,5% de jaïnas, 0,4% d'autres.
Taux de natalité : 23,3/1000.
Taux de mortalité : 8,5/1000.
Taux d'alphabétisation : 59% (70% chez les hommes, 48% chez les femmes).
(Source : Central Intelligence Agency -2003)
|
Temple Kandariya
Le Temple Shaivite Kandariya,
le plus grand et le plus parfait sur le plan architectural, de la
collection de Khajuraho, a été construit entre 1025 et 1050 à
l'apogée de l'art des Chandela. Il se caractérise par un total de
872 statues de haut-relief, dont 646 sont disposées en trois
bandes sur l'extérieur.
Immédiatement en dessous, le
Linga, symbole mâle de Shiva posé sur le Yoni féminin dans le
sanctuaire intérieur du temple, et un exemple de triple frises
décoratives de l'extérieur
Temple Devi Jagadamba
Le temple Devi Jagadamba se trouve sur la
même plate-forme que le Temple Kandariya, mais il est un peu plus
ancien et d'un style plus simple. A l'origine, il était dédié à
Vishnou (Vaishnaviste), mais plus tard il a été dédié à Parvati (Shaivite). |
|
L'économie
Depuis son indépendance,
l'Inde a instauré un système d'économie mixte. Le gouvernement y joue un
rôle de planificateur, de régulateur, d'investisseur et de producteur.
En 1998, le PIB était d'environ 1700 milliards de dollars soit 1700
dollars par habitants. L'économie de l'Inde repose beaucoup sur
l'agriculture puisqu'elle représente près de 33% du PIB. Les agriculteurs
représentent 66% des actifs du pays et 20 % des actifs de la planète. Les
principales productions alimentaires sont le riz, le blé, le millet, les
légumes secs, certains oléagineux. Les céréales fournissent plus de 60% de
la production agricole.
Des modifications majeures ont été apportées avec l'introduction de
variétés de graines hybrides hautement productives accompagnée de
l'utilisation d'engrais chimiques et de pesticides. C'est ce qu'on a
appellé la révolution verte.
Les principales cultures commerciales sont le coton (partout dans le
pays), le thé (sur les pentes hymalayennes et dans le sud), le café (dans
le sud), le caoutchouc et les noix de coco (dans le sud-ouest). L'Inde est
le grand producteur de thé au monde.
En raison des tabous religieux l'élevage du bétail pour l'abattage est
réduit. Les animaux sont surtout utilisés pour le trait, le transport et
la production de lait, de laine et de fumier encore largement utilisé pour
fertiliser les terres. L'Inde est le plus gros producteur de lait, devant
les États-Unis.
La plus grande partie des forêts appartiennent aux états et sont gérées
par leurs gouvernements. Des licences d'exploitation sont accordées aux
compagnies forestières.
Une grande variété de minéraux
sont extraits et exploités. La plus importante production est celle de
charbon. Il fournit plus de la moitié du besoin énergétique indien.
L'industrie pétrolière est en plein développement mais elle ne couvre que
la moitié de la demande du pays. L'Inde a beaucoup développé
l'hydroélectricité et cette source représente 40% de l'électricité
produite en Inde.
L'industrie indienne a été développée pour améliorer les conditions de vie
de la population, notamment dans le secteur des biens de consommation.
Cette politique n'a pas empêché l'Inde de développer des programmes
d'industrie de pointe (aérospatiale, informatique, nucléaire...).
L'industrie a connu un fort taux de croissance mais la production reste
médiocre et souvent impropre à l'exportation.
La manufacture du textile reste la forme d'industrie la plus importante du
pays en terme d'emplois. L'Inde fait partie des plus grands manufacturiers
et exportateurs de coton.
En plus de produire de l'acier via ses gros conglomérats (Tata Iron et
Steel Compagny), l'Inde produit de l'aluminium et du cuivre. La
métallurgie manufacture des machines-outils, des automobiles, des vélos,
des bus, des locomotives, des moteurs, etc...
Le réseau de voies ferrées de
l'Inde est le quatrième du monde par ses dimensions (63 000 km). Le réseau
routier souffre d'un grand retard en matière d'aménagement (seulement un
peu plus de 40% est goudronné). L'automobile est peu utilisée.
Le réseau de communication indien est en pleine restructuration mais
souffre encore de son obsolescence. Les services postaux sont répandus
dans tout le pays mais sont lents.
Quelques chiffres:
Inflation :14%
Population active : 67% agriculture; 15% industrie; 18% services.
Dette extérieure : 93 milliards de dollars.
Exportations : 32 milliards de dollars.
Importations : 41 milliards de dollars.
63000 km de voies ferrées.
3,3 millions de km de routes.
341 aéroports.
Ahmedabad, the largest city
and former capital of Gujarat, nurtures a striking blend of the glorious
past and a vibrant present. Named after a Sultan who founded it in 1411,
the city is associated with Mahatma Gandhi, Father of the Nation, whose
simple ashram on the banks of river Sabarmati is now a site of national
pilgrimage. Ahmedabad is a great textile and commercial centre and known
as the "Manchester of India". The city is today the second largest
prosperous city in Western India and a place where tradition and
modernity coexist in perfect harmony.
SOURCE
LINKS
Gandhi Ashram
-
On a quiet stretch of the Sabarmati river
lies the Gandhi Ashram, established in 1920. During the lifetime of
Mahatma Gandhi it was known as Satyagraha Ashram and was the centre
of the struggle for Independence. It was from here, in 1930, that the
Mahatma started on his famous "Dandi March" to the sea to protest
against the Salt Tax imposed by the British. 'Hridaya Kunj', the simple
cottage where he lived, is preserved as a National Monument. A Gandhi
Memorial Centre, a Library and a Sound-and-Light show offer indepth
insight into the Mahatma's life and work.
Hussain-Doshi's Gufa
-
It is a gallery housing the collaborative efforts of
artist M. F. Hussain and the architect B. V. Doshi. Here, art and
architecture fuse to become a unique experience, both complementing each
other magnificently. Located in the campus of the Centre for Environment
Planning and Technology, the Gufa is a configuration of cave-like
structures buried under the ground. This marvel of contemporary
architecture was constructed using computer aided design and tribal
initiative.
Calico Museum
-
The Calico Museum of Textiles, widely
regarded as one of the finest textile museums in the world was
constructed in 1949. The Museum houses no less than five centuries of
the finest fabrics spun, woven, printed and painted in different parts
of India. It also has a collection of marble, sandstone and bronze icons
and busts split in two thematic sections-gallery for religious textiles
and historical textiles.
Jama Masjid
- Built by Ahmad Shah in 1423,
Jama Masjid is the principal mosque of the Islamic era, situated at the
heart of the city. The mosque was built in the Indo- Saracenic
architectural era and is said to be the most beautiful mosque in the
East. The mosque has 260 pillars supporting 15 domes arranged
symmetrically. A special feature of the mosque is the Muluk-Khana, or
the Royal Gallery, which is a platform standing on pillars and enclosed
upto the roof with beautiful stone work.
Siddi Bashir Mosque
- Known as Shaking Minaret or
Jhulta Minar. When one minaret is shaken the other one begins to vibrate.
The mosque was obviously built by master craftsmen and the crucial
mechanism that causes the vibration is still a mystery.
Rani Rupmati's
Mosque -
Named after the Hindu wife of Sultan Mohammed Beghara,
this mosque was built between 1430 to 1440 A. D. It has three domes
supported by pillars with the central dome slightly elevated so as to
allow natural light into the mosque. The mosque has richly carved
minarets, balcony windows and perforated stone lattices. Its three domes
are linked together by a flat roof. However, the mosque and tomb of Rani
Sipri at Astodia surpasses it for its planning and structural
arrangement. Popularly known as Masjid-e-Nagina, this mosque is the most
exquisite gem of Ahmedabad.
Hatheesing
Jain Temples
- Built outside Delhi
Gate in 1850 by Sheth Hatheesing, a rich Jain Merchant, this is the best
known of Ahmedabad's many ornate Jain Temples. Built of pure white
marble, it has a paved courtyard surrounded by an imposing row of
cloisters containing 52 shrines, each with an image of a tirthankara,
profusely decorated with rich carvings, one containing the marble image
of the 15th tirthankar. The temple is a two storied structure with
elaborate porches on three sides and front porch crowned by a large dome.
It was designed by Premchand Salat and is dedicated to Dharmanath, the
fifteenth Jina or Jain apostle.
Kankaria Lake
- A circular lake
constructed in 1451 by Sultan Qutubub-Din. At the centre of the lake is
an island garden with a summer palace, known as Nagina Wadi. The lake is
a popular recreation centre surrounded by parks, 'Bal Vatika', an
aquarium, a boat club, a natural history museum and a zoo.
Sidi Sayed Jhali
-
The Mosque of Sidi Sayed, near Lal
Darwaja is world-renowned for its magnificent stone tracery, in
particular, the splendid Jali screen, framed, in ten semi-circular
windows. It is a fine example of Indo-Saracenic architecture and its
models in miniature are best known souvenirs of the city.
Around Ahmedabad
Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar, named
after the Father of the Nation, is the capital city of Gujarat. Built on
the river Sabarmati it is just 32 kms away from Ahmedabad. In 1960 when
the old Bombay state was partitioned into Maharashtra and Gujarat, the
city of Bombay went to Maharashtra. It was then decided to construct a
new capital for Gujarat. Thus came into being Gandhinagar, the second
planned city in India after Chandigarh. It presents a spacious, well
designed look of an architecturally integrated city. It has 30 sectors
with each sector having its own shopping, health, community center and
housing colonies. Extensive planting of trees and large recreational
areas along the river gives the city a fresh, green garden city
atmosphere. The famous temple of Swaminarayan is also built in
Gandhinagar.
Akshardham
Akshardham is a unique
cultural complex built in Gandhinagar in memory of Lord Swaminarayan.
Inspired by H. D. Pramukh Swami Maharaj, Akshardham is a miracle worked
by the service and devotion of thousands of volunteers. It is an
intricately carved, majestic monument of 6000 tons of pink sand stone.
The entire monument was built without the use of steel. Besides a 7 feet
gold leafed idol of Lord Swaminarayan and his holy relics, there are
three exhibitions on Indian Culture with light and sound shows, a
multimedia show and an animatronic show. Games, rides and food
refreshments are other attractions of Akshardham.
Baroda
Baroda is known as the
garden city of Gujarat. Once the capital of the princely Gaekwad Family,
Vadodara is a graceful city of palaces, parks, temples, and museums.
Places to visit are : Nazarbaug Palace - Built in old classical
style, the palace was used on ceremonial occasions by the Gaekwads. The
royal family heirlooms are on display. Lakshmi Vilas Palace - The
Royal Family's residence is an extravagant building in Indo- Saracenic
style. Pratap Vilas Palace - Built as the residence of the royal
family, the Pratap Vilas is a magnificent building in the Indo -
Sarcenic style. The Palace houses a collection of old armory and
sculptures in bronze, marble & terra-cotta. The Baroda museum and art
gallery and the Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum - The museums boast of
an excellent art collection of works by Indian artists and European
Masters, of Mughal miniatures and valuable palm leaf manuscripts of
Buddhist and Jain origin.
Surat
Situated on the banks
of river Tapi, Surat was a great port city during the Mughal era. Today,
it is a major industrial center with many textile mills. It is also
famous for its zari and brocades and is also an important diamond
cutting centre. Surat was one of the most prosperous cities of India in
the 17th and 18th century. The East India Company established its first
warehouse in Surat in 1612. During the Mughal period, Surat was the main
port from which pilgrims sailed to Mecca. One can also make short trips
to Dumas, Hajira, Ubharat, Tithal, Bardoli and Ukai, all resorts a few
kilometres away from Surat.
Rajkot
Rajkot was once the
capital of the princely state of Saurashtra. It was also the
headquarters of the British Government. Rajkot is famous for its
jewellery market. Mahatma Gandhi did his schooling from Alfred High
School, now known as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi High School. Places of
interest are Kaba Gandhi No Delo, Royal Watson Museum and Library, Lal
Pari Lake, Aji Dam, Rajkumar College, Rashtriya Shala, Ram Krishna
Paramhansa Temple and Race Course. Rajkot is about 220 kms from
Ahmedabad.
Porbander
Porbander is
Saurashtra's end - a picturesque sea port on the Arabian Sea. It is
situated 395 Kms from Ahmedabad. It is also known as "White City"
because of its white stone construction. It is the birth place of
Mahatma Gandhi. Porbander has a pleasant beach with beach villas. Other
places of interests are Gandhiji's Kirti Mandir, Sudama Mandir, Bharat
Mandir, Planetarium, Chowpati etc. Its ancient maritime activities -
trade with Arabia, Africa and Persia have given way to a thriving
industry of cement and chemical units.
Palitana
This is one of the
most picturesque places of pilgrimage in India, located on Shatrunjaya
hills. There are 863 temples, exquisitely carved in marble, built over a
span of 900 years. Amongst all the Jain temples, Palitana temples are
considered to be the most sacred. The most important temple is that of
the first Tirthankara. The earliest temple was built by Kuwarpal Solanki,
a great Jain patron. It has a fabulous collection of jewels, which can
be seen with special permission. Pilgrims and even priests are not
allowed to stay overnight because the temple city has been built as an
abode for the Gods. Tourists cannot carry any leather item.
Jamnagar
An ancient fortified
city rich in myth and legend, Junagadh lies at the foot of Girnar Hill
and takes its name from the 'Old Fort' which encircles the medieval town.
Founded in 1540, it was the capital of Jamthe Jadeja, the Rajput ruler
of Nawanagar. It was built around Rammol Lake. At the centre of the lake
is a small palace reached by a causeway. It is famous for pearl
fisheries, tie & dye fabrics and bandhini work. Places of
interest are Lakhota Fort which is a museum with collections of
sculptures from 9th to 18th century; an old well in Kotha Bastion where
the water can be drawn by blowing into a small hole in the floor;
Solarium, Jansahed's Palace and Rozi and Bedi Ports. Jamnagar is 310 kms
from Ahmedabad via Rajkot.
Chorwad Beach
Chorwad is a
delightful resort on the sunny coast of Gujarat. The only beach in India
where you can live in the timeless splendour of a palace built amidst
soft golden sand facing the beach. It was built by the former Nawabs of
Junagadh. It is 400 kms south west of Ahmedabad and 66 kms from Junagadh.
The nearest Airport is Keshod.
Kandla
Kandla is a major sea
port 380 kms from Ahmedabad. It has single point mooring facilities with
a free trade zone. The places of interest are a monument of Mahatma
Gandhi and Nirva Siteshwar Mahadev Temple.
Gujarat's picturesque
hill station is perched on a plateau in the Dang forest area of the
Sahyadri Range. It has a cool bracing climate, the highest temperature
even in the summer months not exceeding 28 Degree celcius. The abode of
serpents, at a height of 1000 metres, Saputara is a cool, pleasant hill
resort. Saputara is in south eastern part of the state, and is
surrounded by the Adivasi villages. People visiting Saputara can enjoy
the local adivasi folk music and dance. An artificial lake and
shady walks make Saputara an ideal get-away. At the distance of 60 Kms
is the Bardipara Wildlife Sanctuary which is worth a visit. Gira
waterfalls are at distance of 52 kms.
Kachchh
The second largest
district in India and sparsely populated, Kachchh is a dry belt with
Great Rann to the north and Little Rann to the east. Kachchh produces
exquisite handicrafts like embroidery, tie-dye fabrics, enameled
silverware and other handicrafts. Kachchh is well known for its wild ass
sanctuary. The great Rann of Kachchh is also a breeding ground for the
flamingo, pelican and avocet species of birds.
Gir Forest & Sanctuary
380 kms south-west of
Ahmedabad and 50 kms from Junagadh is the
Gir Forest,
sprawling on 1412 sq kms. It has dry deciduous forest and a luxuriantly
rich eco system endowed with fauna aplenty. Gir is the last home of the
Asiatic lion. In this sanctuary one can see lions roaming freely. This
rare sight can be enjoyed on a guided jeep tour. While driving one can
see animals like chital, nilgai, sambar, black buck, chinkara, wild pig,
jackal etc. Guides and vehicles are available for hire. Tulsishyam, a
temple dedicated to Bhim and his mother Kunti is located in the heart of
Gir, which is a scenic spot because of its hot water springs.
Somnath
The temple of Somnath
is one of the twelve sacred Shiva shrines in India. According to legend,
Somnath was built by Some, the moon God. Constantly washed by the
Arabian sea, the temples of Somnath were destroyed seven times but were
rebuilt each time. The majestic monument as it stands today is a replica
of the earlier construction. The present temple Maha Meru Prasad was
recently rebuilt on the exact location of the original shrine in
accordance with the ancient plants. Somnath is 5 kms from Veraval.
Modhera
The Sun Temple of
Modhera is one of the finest examples of Indian temple architecture of
its period. Built in 1026 A.D the temple is dedicated to the Sun God,
Surya and stands high on a plinth overlooking a deep stone-steeped tank.
Every inch of the edifice, both inside and outside is magnificently
carved with Gods and Goddesses, birds, beasts and flowers.
How to get there
Air - Nearest airport is Ahmedabad.
Rail - Nearest railway station is Mehsana.
Road - State transport buses and private luxury coaches connects various
centres of Gujarat. It is situated 119 Kms. from Ahmedabad via Mehsana.
Mahudi
This small village
near Kalol 78 kms from Ahmedabad is famous for Jinalaya of Ghantakarna
Mahavir and Kotyark temple. Besides Jains devotees, there are thousands
of people from different religions offering prayers. The shrine is
unique in that the temple's prasad-Sukhadi is not allowed to be
taken outside the temple.
Dakor
Dakor is a temple town
dedicated to Lord Krishna. The famous temple with a striking image of
Lord Krishna is the temple of Ranchodare, and belongs to the golden
period of Dwarks. On Sharad Purnima night every year a fair is held in
the temple compound which attracts thousands of people.
Dwarka
The temple of Lord
Krishna Dwarkadesh dates back 2500 years. The present day Dwarka is the
6th city on the same site. According to archaeological findings, the
earlier five have been submerged in the sea.
Ambaji
198 km. from Ahmedabad
on Arasur mountain is the famous temple of goddess Ambaji. Folk artists,
farmers and the rural tribes have immense faith in Ambaji.
Pavagadh
It is about 190 kms
from Ahmedabad. It is situated in the Halol on Panchmahal district,
historically linked with the Chavda and Chauhan King's era. The hills of
Pavagadh rise in three stages from Champaner. The plateau at an altitude
of 1471 ft is known as machi Haveli. The two points on the hill
are named after goddess Bhadrakali and Mahakali. Considering the natural
beauty and fresh atmosphere. the Gujarat government has developed
Pavagadh as a hill resort. It is also the birthplace of a famous
musician Baiju.
LINKS
Newspapers
-
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
http://www.hinduonline.com
http://www.indian-express.com/
http://www.dailypioneer.com/
http://www.hindustantimes.com
http://www.thestatesman.net
http://www.tribuneindia.com
http://www.telegraphindia.com/
http://www.asianage.com
http://www.ndtv.com/
http://www.rediff.com/india.htm
http://www.deccan.com/
http://www.deccanherald.com/
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com
http://www.financialexpress.com/
http://www.blonnet.com/
http://www.business-standard.com/
News Magazines
Television
-
http://www.ndtv.com/
http://www.startv.com/eng/
http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/index.html
http://www.aajtak.com/
http://www.asianetglobal.com/
Radio
-
http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articlelist.asp?msid=41647794
Bollywood Music
and Movies
Indian
Missions Abroad
|
Embassy of India, Budapest |
Embassy of India, Cairo |
Embassy of India, Qatar |
Consulate General of India, Hong
Kong |
|
Consulate General of India, New
York |
Consulate General of India, San
Francisco |
Embassy of India, Madrid |
Embassy of India, Bahrain |
|
High Commission of India, London |
Embassy of India, Moscow |
Embassy of India, Nepal |
Embassy of India, Abu Dhabi |
|
Embassy of India, Kuwait |
Embassy of India, Bratislava |
Embassy of India, Jakarta |
High Commission of India, Ottawa |
|
Embassy of India, Peru |
Consulate General of India,
Chicago |
Embassy of India, Berlin |
Embassy of India, Bangkok |
|
Consulate General of India,
Frankfurt |
Embassy of India, Croatia |
Consulate General of India,
Shanghai |
High Commission of India, Brunei
Darussalam |
|
Consulate General of India,
Johannesburg |
Permanent Mission of India to the
UN, New York |
Consulate General of India, Sao
Paulo |
Embassy of India, Beijing |
|
Consulate General of India,
Vancouver |
Embassy of India, Havana |
Embassy of India, Tehran |
High Commission of India, Dar es
Salaam |
|
Consulate General of India,
Houston |
Embassy of India, Paris |
High Commission of India, Nairobi |
Embassy of India, Brasilia |
|
Embassy of India, Oman |
Embassy of India, Stockholm |
High Commission of India, Port of
Spain |
Embassy of India, Caracas |
|
Embassy of India, Ankara |
Consulate General of India,
Jeddah |
Embassy of India, Buenos Aires |
Embassy of India, Brussels |
|
Embassy of India, Tokyo |
High Commission of India,
Singapore |
Embassy of India, Seoul |
Embassy of India, Vienna |
|
Embassy of India, Hague |
Embassy of India, Rome |
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LINKS
-
National Portal of India : Terms of Use
National Portal of India :
Terms of Use Terms of Use Disclaimer This Portal is designed,
developed and hosted by National Informatics Centre, Government of
India. Though all efforts have been made...
URL:
http://india.gov.in/termscondtions.php
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National Portal of India : Business : Industry and Services
National Portal of
India : Business : Industry and Services Home > Business >
Industry and Services > Services Sector > Media Media Back The
Ministry has been making several policy...
URL:
http://india.gov.in/business/industry_services/media01.php
-
http://planningcommission.nic.in:80/reports/sereport/ser/stgpnt/stgpnt_ch6.pdf
Chapter -VI
Analysis of Social Sector Programme on National Social Assistance
Programme (NSAP) 6.1 Introduction Our country is essentially, a
welfare state committed to the welfare and development of
URL:
http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stgpnt/stgpnt_ch6.pdf
Date: Thu, 03 May 2001 08:35:12 GMT
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Cultural Heritage, Cultural Empowerment and Development
Cultural Heritage,
Cultural Empowerment and Development INTEGRATION OF ENDOGENOUS
CULTURAL DIMENSION INTO DEVELOPMENT [ Previous Page | Contents of the
Book | Next Page ] Cultural Heritage,...
URL:
http://ignca.nic.in/cd_05017.htm
Date: Wed, 04 Jun 2003 06:30:44 GMT
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Times of India Major English
Daily published from Mumbai (Bombay), Delhi, Bangalore, Ahmedabad,
Lucknow and Patna, Kolkata. Owned by Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd (proprietor
of Times of India Group ). The same group publishes
Filmfare (Monthly Film
Magazine), Femina (fortnightly
Magazine for women ).
-
The Indian Express Leading
English daily published from Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Baroda, Mumbai,
Chandigarh, Coimbatore, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kochi, Kozhikode, Chennai,
Madurai, Nagpur, Pune, Thiruvananthapuram, Vijayawada, Vishakapatnam,
Belgaum, Bhubaneshwar. Published by Indian Express Group which was
established in 1932 in Chennai. This group also publishes
Financial Express (daily
newspaper focusing business and finance ) and
Screen (weekly film
magazine)
-
The Hindusthan Times Another
major English daily of Northern India. Started in Sep 1924. Mahatma
Gandhi performed the inauguration. Published from Delhi, Patna and
Lucknow, Kolkata.
-
The Hindu One of the oldest
English daily ( started 1889 ) published from Chennai (Madras).
Printed at Coimbatore, Bangalore, Madurai,Hyderabad, New Delhi, Vizag
and Thiruvanathapuram . Other publications from Hindu includes The
Sportstar ( Weekly Sports Magazine ), Frontline (
fortnightly feautres Magazine ), Businessline ( a financial
daily).
-
The Statesman Leading English
daily published from Calcutta. Established in 1875. Now they have a
Bengali daily too
-
The Telegraph Another leading
English daily from Calcutta, published by ABP Publications. The ABP
(Ananda Bazar Publications)
-
India Today Widely read
weekly news publication. Available in English, Hindi, Tamil, Telegu
and Malayalam. Published by Living Media India Ltd. The same also
publishes
Business Today ( fortnightly business magazine ),
Computers Today
( fortnightly computer magazine
-
The Economic Times India's
most widely circulated financial and business daily. Published from
Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Bangalore, Madras, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad. A
member of Times of India family
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